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A binary prefix is is binary option legal in usa unit prefix for multiples of units in data processing, data transmission, and digital information, notably the bit and the byteto indicate multiplication by a power of 2, is binary option legal in usa.
The computer industry has historically used the is binary option legal in usa kilobytemegabyteand gigabyteand the corresponding symbols KB, MB, is binary option legal in usa, and GB, in at least two slightly different measurement systems.
In citations of main memory RAM capacity, gigabyte customarily means 1 bytes. As this is a power ofand is a power of two 2 10this usage is referred to as a binary measurement. In most other contexts, the industry uses the multipliers kilomegagigaetc. In contrast with the binary prefix usage, this use is described as a decimal prefixas is a power of 10 10 3. The use of the same unit prefixes with two different meanings has caused confusion, is binary option legal in usa. Starting aroundthe International Electrotechnical Commission IEC and several other standards and trade organizations addressed the ambiguity by publishing standards and recommendations for a set of binary prefixes that refer exclusively to powers of Accordingly, the US National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST requires that SI prefixes only be used in the decimal sense: [1] kilobyte and megabyte denote one thousand bytes and one million bytes respectively consistent with SIwhile new terms such as kibibytemebibyte and gibibytehaving the symbols KiB, MiB, and GiB, denote bytes, 1 bytes, and 1 bytes, respectively.
Early computers used one of two addressing methods to access the system memory; binary base 2 or decimal base By the mids, binary addressing had become the standard architecture in most computer designs, and main is binary option legal in usa sizes were most commonly powers of two.
This is the most natural configuration for memory, as all combinations of their address lines map to a valid address, allowing easy aggregation into a larger block of memory with contiguous addresses. Early computer system documentation would specify the memory size with an exact number such as, or words of storage. These are all powers of twois binary option legal in usa, and furthermore are small multiples of 2 10or As storage capacities increased, several different methods were developed to abbreviate these quantities.
The method most commonly used today uses prefixes such as kilo, mega, giga, and corresponding symbols K, M, and G, which the computer industry originally adopted from the metric system. The prefixes kilo- and mega-meaning and 1 respectively, were commonly used in the electronics industry before World War II. The International System of Units does not define units for digital information but notes that the SI prefixes may be applied outside the contexts where base units or derived units would be used.
But as computer main memory in a binary-addressed system is manufactured in sizes that were easily expressed as multiples ofkilobytewhen applied to computer memory, came to be used to mean bytes instead of This usage is not consistent with the SI. Compliance with the SI requires that the prefixes take is binary option legal in usa based meaning, and that they are not to be used as placeholders for other numbers, like The use of K in the binary sense as in a "32K core" meaning 32 × words, i.
Another style was to truncate the is binary option legal in usa three digits and append K, essentially using K as a decimal prefix [defn, is binary option legal in usa. The exact values 32 words, 65 words and words would then be described as "32K", "65K" and "K". This style was used from about to In discussions of binary-addressed memories, the exact size was evident from context. For memory sizes of "41K" and below, there is no difference between the two styles.
The HP 21MX real-time computer denoted which is × as "K" and 1 as "1M", [11] while the HP business computer could have "64K", "96K", or "K" bytes of memory. The "truncation" method gradually waned.
Capitalization of the letter K became the de facto standard for binary notation, although this could not be extended to higher powers, and use of the lowercase k did persist. For example, a " megabyte" RAM module is × 2 bytes × 1orrather than The symbols Kbit, Kbyte, Mbit and Mbyte started to be used as "binary units"—"bit" or "byte" with a multiplier that is a power of —in the early s.
Inthe International Electrotechnical Commission IEC introduced the binary prefixes kibi, mebi, gibi to mean23 etc. The IEC prefixes were defined for use alongside the International System of Quantities ISQ in The disk drive industry has followed a different pattern. Disk drive capacity is generally specified with unit prefixes with decimal meaning, in accordance to SI practices. Unlike computer main memory, disk architecture or construction does not mandate or make it convenient to use binary multiples.
Drives can have any practical number of platters or surfaces, and the count of tracks, as well as the is binary option legal in usa of sectors per track may vary greatly between designs. The first commercially sold disk drive, the IBMhad fifty physical disk platters containing a total of 50, sectors of characters each, for a total quoted capacity of 5 million characters.
In the s most disk drives used IBM's variable block length format, called Count Key Data CKD. Since the block headers occupied space, the usable capacity of the drive was dependent on the block size. Blocks "records" in IBM's terminology of 88, 96, and were often used because they related to the fixed block size of and character punch cards. The drive capacity was usually stated under conditions of full track record blocking.
For example, the megabyte disk pack only achieved that capacity with a full track block size of 13, bytes. Floppy disks for the IBM PC and compatibles quickly standardized on byte sectorsso two sectors were easily referred to as "1K".
The 3. When the High Density "1. In contrast, is binary option legal in usa, hard disk drive manufacturers used megabytes or MBmeaning 10 6 bytes, to characterize their products as early as One of the earliest hard disk drives in personal computing history, the Seagate STwas specified as Formatted: Many later drives in the personal computer market used 17 sectors per track; still later, zone bit recording was introduced, causing the number of sectors per track to vary from the outer track to the inner.
The hard drive industry continues to use decimal prefixes for drive capacity, as well as for transfer rate. For example, a " GB" hard drive offers slightly more than × 10 9orbytes, not × 2 30 which would be about × 10 9. Operating systems such as Microsoft Windows that display hard drive sizes using the customary binary prefix "GB" as it is used for RAM would display this as " On the other hand, macOS has since version Previous versions of Mac OS X used binary prefixes.
Disk drive manufacturers sometimes use both IEC and SI prefixes with their standardized meanings. Seagate has specified data transfer rates in select manuals of some hard drives with both units, is binary option legal in usa the conversion between units clearly shown and the numeric values adjusted accordingly.
Computer clock frequencies are always quoted using SI prefixes in their decimal sense. For example, the internal clock frequency of the original IBM PC was 4. Similarly, digital information transfer rates are quoted using decimal prefixes:. By the mids it was common to see K meaning and the occasional M meaning 1 for words or bytes of main memory RAM while K and M were commonly used with their decimal meaning for disk storage.
In the s, as capacities of both types of devices increased, the SI prefix G, with SI meaning, was commonly applied to disk storage, while M in its binary meaning, became common for computer memory. In the s, the prefix G, in its binary meaning, became commonly used for computer memory capacity. The first terabyte SI prefix, 1 bytes hard disk drive was introduced in The dual usage of the kilo Kmega Mand giga G prefixes as both powers of and powers of has been recorded in standards and dictionaries.
kilo K. mega M. Many dictionaries have noted the practice of using traditional prefixes to indicate binary multiples. The units Kbyte, Mbyte, and Gbyte are found in the trade press and in IEEE journals. Gigabyte was formally defined in IEEE Std The hardware industry measures system memory RAM using the binary meaning while magnetic disk storage uses the SI definition.
However, many exceptions exist. Labeling of diskettes uses the megabyte to denote × bytes. Computer storage has become cheaper per unit and thereby larger, by many orders of magnitude since "K" was first used to mean Because both the SI and "binary" meanings of kilo, mega, etc. The relative difference between the values in the binary and decimal interpretations increases, is binary option legal in usa, when using the SI prefixes as the base, from 2.
In the early days of computers roughly, prior to the advent of personal computers there was little or no consumer confusion because of the technical sophistication of the buyers and their familiarity with the products. In addition, it was common for computer manufacturers to specify their products with capacities in full precision. In the personal computing era, one source of consumer confusion is the difference in the way many operating systems display hard drive sizes, compared to the way hard drive manufacturers describe them.
Hard drives are specified and sold using "GB" and "TB" in their decimal is binary option legal in usa one billion and one trillion bytes. Many operating systems and other software, however, display hard drive and file sizes using "MB", "GB" or other SI-looking prefixes in their binary sense, just as they do for displays of RAM capacity. For example, many such systems display a hard drive marketed as "1 TB" as " GB".
The earliest known presentation of hard disk drive capacity by an operating system using "KB" or "MB" in a binary sense is ; [40] earlier operating systems generally presented the hard disk drive capacity as an exact number of bytes, with no prefix of any sort, for example, in the output of the MS-DOS or PC DOS CHKDSK command.
The different interpretations of disk size prefixes has led to class action lawsuits against digital storage manufacturers. These cases involved both flash memory and hard disk drives. Early cases — were settled prior to any court ruling with the manufacturers admitting no wrongdoing but agreeing to clarify the storage capacity of their products on the consumer packaging. Accordingly, many flash memory and hard disk manufacturers have disclosures on their packaging and web sites clarifying the formatted capacity of the devices or defining MB as 1 million bytes and 1 GB as 1 billion bytes.
On 20 FebruaryWillem Vroegh filed a lawsuit against Lexar Media, Dane—Elec Memory, Fuji Photo Film USAEastman Kodak Company, Kingston Technology Company, Inc. Vroegh claimed that a MB Flash Memory Device had only MB of accessible memory. The plaintiffs acknowledged that the IEC and IEEE standards define a MB as one million bytes but stated that the industry has largely ignored the IEC standards.
The parties agreed that manufacturers could continue to use the decimal definition so long as the definition was added to the packaging and web sites. On 7 Julyan action entitled Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation, et al. was filed in the Superior Court for the City and County of San Francisco, Case No.
The case was subsequently moved to the Northern District of California, Case No. Although Western Digital maintained that their usage of units is consistent with "the indisputably correct industry standard for measuring and describing storage capacity", and that they "cannot be expected to reform the software industry", is binary option legal in usa, they agreed to settle in March with 14 June as the Final Approval hearing date.
The settlement called for Western Digital to add a disclaimer to their later packaging and advertising. A lawsuit Cho v.
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1 day ago · This website's services are not made available in certain countries such as the USA, Canada, Hong Kong, or to persons under age Risk Warning. The products offered via this website include binary options, contracts for difference ("CFDs") and other complex derivatives. Trading binary options may not be suitable for everyone Binary Options in US have different legal landscape so it is maybe sometimes a bit confusing to traders that are new in binary world. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and the National Futures Association (NFA) is monitoring, licensing and regulating financial trading in USA IQ Option Signals for Binary Options: Currently, IQ Option is one of the leading brokers. Its platform is considered by many to be the best platform in the market. Even if the Signals we refer to on this post can work with other Brokers, the strategy behind the signals are from the IQ Option
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