The paper describes the major reasons why Pakistan and India will go to war again. It asserts that while Pakistan has reduced extremism in the country by vanquishing Islamist groups, India’s Hindutva agenda, spearheaded by the ruling BJP, will push both countries to another war. Save to Library. Download 2/28/ · “With India claiming to have avenged the Kashmir attack, and with Pakistan claiming that India had done no real damage, it seemed possible that the situation could yet be defused.”Estimated Reading Time: 4 mins Pakistan downed two Indian jets on Wednesday, a day after Indian warplanes struck inside Pakistan for the first time since a war in , prompting leading powers to urge the nuclear- armed rivals
Indo-Pakistani War of – - Wikipedia
The Indo-Pakistani War of — or the First Kashmir War [27] was an armed conflict that was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir from to It was the first of four Indo-Pakistani wars that was fought between the two newly-independent nations.
Pakistan precipitated the war a few weeks after its independence by launching tribal lashkar militias from Waziristan[28] in an effort to capture Kashmir and to preempt the possibility of its ruler joining India. Hari Singhthe Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, was facing an uprising by his Muslim subjects in Poonchand lost control of the western districts of his kingdom. On 22 OctoberPakistan's Pashtun tribal militias crossed the border of the state. These local tribal militias and irregular Pakistani forces moved to take the capital city of Srinagarbut upon reaching Baramullathey took to plunder and stalled.
Maharaja Hari Singh made a plea to India for assistance, and help was offered, but it was subject to his signing of an Instrument of Accession to India. The war was initially fought by the Jammu and Kashmir State Forces [30] [31] and by militias from the Frontier Tribal Areas adjoining the North-West Frontier Province. British commanding officers initially refused the entry of Pakistani troops into the conflict, citing the accession of the state to India.
However, later inthey relented and Pakistan's armies entered the war shortly afterwards, forex india pakistan conflict war. A formal ceasefire was declared effective forex india pakistan conflict war January However, most neutral assessments agree that India was the victor of the war as it was able to successfully defend [34] about two-thirds of the erstwhile princely state, including the Kashmir ValleyJammu and Ladakh.
Prior tothe area now known as "Jammu and Kashmir" comprised 22 small independent states 16 Hindu and six Muslim carved out of territories controlled by the Amir King of Afghanistancombined with those of local small rulers.
These were collectively referred to as the "Punjab Hill States". These small states, ruled by Rajput kingswere variously independent, vassals of the Mughal Empire since forex india pakistan conflict war time of Emperor Akbar or sometimes controlled from Kangra state in the Himachal area. Following the decline of the Mughals, turbulence in Kangra and invasions of Gorkhas, the hill states fell successively under the control of the Sikhs under Ranjit Singh.
The First Anglo-Sikh War —46 was fought between the Sikh Empirewhich asserted sovereignty over Kashmirand the East India Company. In the Treaty of Lahore ofthe Sikhs were made to surrender the valuable region the Jullundur Doab between the Beas River and the Sutlej River and required to pay an indemnity of 1.
Because they could not readily raise this sum, the East India Company allowed the Dogra ruler Gulab Singh to acquire Kashmir from the Sikh kingdom in exchange for making a payment ofrupees to the Company.
Gulab Singh became the first Maharaja of the newly formed princely state of Jammu and Kashmir[40] forex india pakistan conflict war a dynastythat was to rule the state, the second-largest principality during the British Rajuntil India gained its independence in The years — saw the rise of All-India Muslim League and Muslim nationalismdemanding a separate state for India's Muslims.
The demand took a violent turn on the Direct Action Day 16 August and inter-communal violence between Hindus and Muslims became endemic. Consequently, a decision was taken on 3 June to divide British India into two separate states, the Dominion of Pakistan comprising the Muslim majority areas and the Dominion of India comprising the rest.
The two provinces Punjab and Bengal with large Muslim-majority areas were to be divided between the two dominions. An estimated 11 million people eventually migrated between the two parts of Punjab, and possibly 1 million perished in the inter-communal violence. Jammu and Kashmir, being adjacent to the Punjab province, forex india pakistan conflict war, was directly affected by the happenings in Punjab.
The original target date for the transfer of power to the new dominions was June However, fearing the rise of inter-communal violence, the British Viceroy Lord Mountbatten advanced the date to 15 August This gave only 6 weeks to complete all the arrangements for partition. However, this was not accepted by the Pakistani leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah. In the event, forex india pakistan conflict war, Mountbatten stayed on as the Governor General of India, whereas Pakistan chose Jinnah as its Governor General.
The service chiefs were appointed by the Dominion governments and forex india pakistan conflict war responsible to them. The overall administrative control, but not operational control, was vested with Field Marshal Claude Auchinleckwho was titled the 'Supreme Commander', answerable to a newly formed Joint Defence Council of the two dominions.
India appointed General Rob Lockhart as its Army chief and Pakistan appointed General Frank Messervy, forex india pakistan conflict war. The presence of the British commanding officers on both sides made the Indo-Pakistani War of a strange war.
The two commanding forex india pakistan conflict war were in daily telephone contact and adopted mutually defensive positions. The attitude was that "you can hit them so hard but not too forex india pakistan conflict war, otherwise there will be all kinds of repercussions. Roy Bucher was apparently successful in doing so in India, but Gracey yielded and let British officers be used in operational roles on the side of Pakistan.
One British officer even died in action. With the independence of the Dominions, the British Paramountcy over the princely states came to an end. The rulers of the states were advised to join one of the two dominions by executing an Instrument of Accession, forex india pakistan conflict war. Maharaja Hari Singh of Jammu and Kashmir, along with his prime minister Ram Chandra Kakdecided not to accede to either dominion. The reasons cited were that the Muslim majority population of the State would not be comfortable with joining India, and that the Hindu and Sikh minorities would become vulnerable if the state joined Pakistan.
Inthe princely state of Jammu and Kashmir had a wide range of ethnic and religious communities. The Jammu provinceconsisting of five districts, had a roughly equal division of Hindus and Muslims in the eastern districts UdhampurJammu and Reasi and Muslim majority in the western districts Mirpur and Poonch.
The mountainous Ladakh district wazarat in the east had a significant Buddhist presence with a Muslim majority in Baltistan. The Gilgit Agency in the north was overwhelmingly Muslim and was directly governed by the British under an agreement with the Maharaja.
Shortly before the transfer of power, the Forex india pakistan conflict war returned the Gilgit Agency to the Maharaja, forex india pakistan conflict war, who appointed a Dogra governor for the district and a British commander for the local forces.
The predominant political movement in the Kashmir Valley, the National Conference led by Sheikh Abdullahforex india pakistan conflict war, believed in secular politics. It was allied with the Indian National Congress and was believed to favour joining India. On the other hand, the Muslims of the Jammu province supported the Muslim Conferencewhich was allied to the All-India Muslim League and favoured joining Pakistan.
The Hindus of the Jammu province favoured an outright merger with India. According to Indian military sources, the Pakistani Army prepared a plan called Operation Gulmarg and put it into action as early as 20 August, a few days after Pakistan's independence.
The plan was accidentally revealed to an Indian officer, Major O. Kalkat serving with the Bannu Brigade. They were expected to reach the launching point of Abbottabad on 18 October, and cross into Jammu and Kashmir on 22 October. Ten lashkars were expected to attack the Kashmir Valley through Muzaffarabad and another ten lashkars were expected to join the rebels in PoonchBhimber and Rawalakot with a view to advance to Jammu.
Detailed arrangements for the military leadership and armaments were described in the plan. The regimental records show that, by the last week of Forex india pakistan conflict war, the Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry PAVO Cavalry regiment was briefed about the invasion plan.
Colonel Sher Khan, the Director of Military Intelligence, was in charge of the briefing, along with Colonels Akbar Khan and Khanzadah. The Cavalry regiment was tasked with procuring arms and ammunition for the 'freedom fighters' and establishing three wings of the insurgent forces: the South Wing commanded by General Kiani, a Central Wing based at Rawalpindi and a North Wing based at Abbottabad.
By 1 October, the Cavalry regiment completed the task of arming the insurgent forces. Forex india pakistan conflict war have noted considerable movement of Pashtun tribes during September—October. By 13 September, armed Pashtuns drifted into Lahore and Rawalpindi. The Deputy Commissioner of Dera Ismail Khan noted a scheme to send tribesmen from Malakand to Sialkotin lorries provided by the Pakistan Government. Preparations for attacking Kashmir were also noted in the princely states of Swatforex india pakistan conflict war, Dirand Chitral.
Scholar Robin James Moore states there is "little doubt" that Pashtuns were involved in border raids all along the Punjab border from the Indus to the Ravi. Pakistani sources deny the existence of any plan called Operation Gulmarg. However, Shuja Nawaz does list 22 Pashtun tribes involved in the invasion of Kashmir on 22 October. Sometime in Augustthe first signs of trouble broke out in Poonchabout which diverging views have been received.
Poonch was originally an internal jagir autonomous principalitygoverned by an alternative family line of Maharaja Hari Singh. The taxation is said to have been heavy. The Muslims of Poonch had long campaigned for the principality to be absorbed forex india pakistan conflict war the Punjab province of British India, forex india pakistan conflict war.
Ina notable disturbance occurred for religious reasons, forex india pakistan conflict war, but a settlement was reached.
After the war, they were discharged with arms, which is said to have alarmed the Maharaja. According to state forex india pakistan conflict war sources, the rebellious militias gathered in the Naoshera-Islamabad area, attacking the state troops and their supply trucks.
A battalion of state troops was dispatched, which cleared the roads and dispersed the militias. By September, order was reestablished. Local Muslims also told Richard Symonds, a British Quaker social worker, that the army fired on crowds, and burnt houses and villages indiscriminately.
Stephenson, "the Poonch affair was greatly exaggerated". Scholar Prem Shankar Jha states that the Maharaja had decided, as early as Aprilthat he would accede to India if it was not possible to stay independent. Accordingly, on 11 August, he dismissed his pro-Pakistan Prime Minister, Ram Chandra Kak, and appointed retired Major Janak Singh in his place. Liaquat Ali Khan sent a Punjab politician Mian Iftikharuddin to explore the possibility of organising a revolt in Kashmir.
It also stopped trade in timber and other products, and suspended train services to Jammu. Meanwhile, Sardar Ibrahim had escaped to West Punjab, along with dozens of rebels, and established a base in Murree. From there, the rebels attempted to acquire arms and ammunition for the rebellion and smuggle them into Kashmir. Colonel Akbar Khanone of a handful of high-ranking officers in the Pakistani Army, [d] with a keen interest in Kashmir, arrived in Murree, and got enmeshed in these efforts.
He arranged 4, rifles for the rebellion by diverting them from the Army stores. He also wrote out a draft plan titled Armed Revolt inside Kashmir and gave it to Mian Iftikharuddin to be passed on to the Pakistan's Prime Minister. On 12 September, the Prime Minister held a meeting with Mian Iftikharuddin, Colonel Akbar Khan and another Punjab politician Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan. Hayat Khan had a separate plan, involving the Muslim League National Guard and the militant Pashtun tribes from the Frontier regions.
The Prime Minister approved both the plans, and despatched Khurshid Anwarthe head of the Muslim League National Guard, to mobilise the Frontier tribes. The Maharaja was increasingly driven to the wall with the rebellion in the western districts and the Pakistani blockade. He managed to persuade Justice Mahajan to accept the post of Prime Minister but not to arrive for another month, for procedural reasons. He sent word to the Indian leaders through Mahajan that he was willing to accede to India but needed more time to implement political reforms.
However, it was India's position that it would not accept accession from the Maharaja unless it had the people's support. The Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru demanded that Sheikh Abdullah should be released from prison and involved in the state's government.
Accession could only be contemplated afterwards.
GERMAN MEDIA REACTION ON INDIA'S SURGICAL STRIKE ON PAKISTAN
, time: 4:05India and Pakistan War Conflicts Research Papers - blogger.com
Pakistan downed two Indian jets on Wednesday, a day after Indian warplanes struck inside Pakistan for the first time since a war in , prompting leading powers to urge the nuclear- armed rivals 2/28/ · “With India claiming to have avenged the Kashmir attack, and with Pakistan claiming that India had done no real damage, it seemed possible that the situation could yet be defused.”Estimated Reading Time: 4 mins The paper describes the major reasons why Pakistan and India will go to war again. It asserts that while Pakistan has reduced extremism in the country by vanquishing Islamist groups, India’s Hindutva agenda, spearheaded by the ruling BJP, will push both countries to another war. Save to Library. Download
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